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Previous research has shown that there are vast cross-cultural differences in attitudes toward COVID-19 travel restrictions. Yet, pinpointing the specific role of any single factor in explaining cross-cultural variability is difficult when comparing cultural communities that differ along myriad dimensions. Taking a 'just minimal difference' approach that removes the effects of extraneous variables, the present research focuses on how islandness can account for variability in travel intentions during the pandemic. Combining retrospective self-report assessment with a dynamic behavioural choice regarding travel intention during COVID-19, the present research examined travel attitudes and behaviours in Chinese Xiamen islanders and mainlanders that share the same geographic environment, language, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, but vary in their implicit individualism. Results across two studies revealed that Chinese Xiamen islanders were less supportive of travel and mobility restrictions than mainlanders who all lived near the coast. Additionally, it was found that implicit individualism mediated the link between islandness and travel attitudes. Together, this paper not only presents the first empirical evidence for the role of geographic environment in the emergence of attitudes toward restrictive travel limitations, but potentially informs tourism management and revival in the era of COVID-19.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global health crisis, and some countries experience difficulties in controlling the infection and mortality of COVID-19. Based on previous findings, we argue that individualistic cultural values are not conducive to the control of the epidemic. The results of the cross-cultural analysis showed that the individualistic cultural values positively predicted the number of deaths, deaths per million, and mortality of COVID-19, and the independent self-construct negatively predicted the efficiency of epidemic control in the early phase. The evolutionary game model and cross-cultural experiment further suggested that individualistic culture reduced the efficiency of overall epidemic control by enhancing individuals' fear of death in the context of the epidemic and increased individuals' tendency to violate epidemic control. Our results support the natural-behavioral-cultural co-evolution model, suggesting the impact of culture on the control of virus transmission and deaths during COVID-19, and provide an important scientific reference for countries to respond to global public health crises. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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We investigate the effect of culture on COVID-19 spread using a sample of 67 countries over the first 10 months of the pandemic. We find that individualistic countries have higher number of COVID-19 cases, an effect that is independent from formal institutions. A two-ways interaction effects, however, between formal institutions and individualism, shows that effective political institutions, sound governance, and better economic conditions reduce the effect on individualism on CVODI-19 spread. Our findings provide evidence that are useful not only for explaining differences in COVID-19 spread between countries but can also enable policymakers and organizations to understand what generally determines individuals' compliance with formal rules and regulations.
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Bu çalışma işletme ve sosyal bilimler öğrencilerinin kültürel boyutlar ve akademik yeterlilikleri arasındaki ilişkide benlik saygısının düzenleyici rolünü incelemektedir. Bu araştırma Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde üniversitede eğitim gören çoğunlukla işletme ve sosyal bilimler öğrencilerinin belli kültürel boyutlardan (güç aralığı, belirsizlik ve bireyselcilik/toplumsalcılık) hayata bakış açılarını ve başarı durumlarını belirleyen benlik saygısı ve akademik öz yeterlilikleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Sayısal yöntem ve ilişkisel tasarımla yüksek eğitim gören 215 öğrenciden toplanan veriler incelenerek yapılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları öğrencilerin güç aralığının düşük olduğunu, belirsizliklerle baş edemediklerini ve kuralcı olduklarını göstermiştir. Bireyselcilik ve toplumsalcılık boyutu açısından da arada kaldıkları anlaşılmaktadır. Benlik saygısı ve akademik yeterlilik açısından öğrencilerin kendilerine güvendiği anlaşılmaktadır. Benlik saygısı tek başına akademik öz yeterliliği büyük ölçüde etkilemekte ve cinsiyete göre farklılık göstermemektedir. Akademik öz yeterlilik kavramının algılanmasında kız öğrenciler lehine;kültürel boyutlar algılamasında ise erkek öğrencilerin lehine bir fark bulunmuştur. Ancak, bu sonuç kız öğrencilerin eşitsizliğe daha az katlandıklarını ve belirsizle mücadelede de erkek öğrencilere kıyasla nispeten daha başarılı olduklarını işaret etmektedir. Araştırma bulgularının mezuniyetlerinden sonra iş başvurusu yaptıklarında işletmelerin insan kaynakları uzmanlarına da yol gösterebileceği düşünülmüştür.Alternate :The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between self-esteem and academic self-efficacy, which determines the perspective of life and success of business administration and social sciences students studying at universities during the Covid-19 pandemic, from Hofstede's three cultural dimensions (power gap, uncertainty and individualism/collectivism). This study was carried out by examining the data collected from 215 university students. The research was done by using quantitative method and relational design. The research findings showed that the students' power-distance, and uncertainty range were low, consequently they could not cope with uncertainties and they were prescriptive. It is understood that they are in between in terms of individualism and socialism. However, it shows that students are self-confident in terms of self-esteem and academic self-efficacy. The concept of self-esteem strongly affects academic self-efficacy and does not differ by gender. While the perception of the concept of academic self-efficacy was resulted in favor of female student, in terms of cultural dimensions, a difference was found in favor of male students. This finding indicates that while female students tolerate inequality less and are relatively more successful in dealing with uncertainty compared to male students. It is thought that the research findings can guide the human resources specialists of the enterprises when they apply for a job after their graduation.
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Drawing upon broaden-and-build theory, this study examined the influence of positive leadership on employee engagement through the mediating role of employees' state positive affect and the moderating effect of individualism-collectivism orientation in a Chinese cultural context. A sample of 215 valid questionnaires was obtained through a two-wave survey of 48 teams working in central China. Hypotheses were tested by a method of hierarchical linear modelling. The results indicate that positive leadership promotes employees' state positive affect and engagement. State positive affect partially mediates the association between positive leadership and employee engagement. Moreover, a multilevel moderation analysis reveals that collectivism weakens the effect of positive leadership on employees' state positive affect. Theoretical and managerial implications and future directions are discussed.
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During the Covid-19 epidemic, Japanese and Chinese have overwhelmingly tended to wear face masks, while Americans have not. Why? In this paper, based on ethnographic interviews with members of these three societies as well as examination of mass media and scholarly reports, I provide a preliminary interpretation of this question.I first consider social psychologists' large-scale analyses of collectivism versus individualism;China and Japan are both considered to be collectivistic societies, whereas the United States is considered to be individualistic. I also consider ethnic belonging to one's nation in China and Japan, as opposed to civic belonging to one's nation in the United States. These explications have value in understanding Covid-19 policies but seem of limited use in explaining mask-wearing. For such understanding, I turn to ethnographic interviews - some twenty in each society - as well as participant-observation in public sites.My findings are these: While in Japan social pressure is paramount in leading to mask wearing, with the state mostly absent, in China state pressure is paramount, with social pressure largely absent. In the United States, with social pressure absent beyond one's sub-group and state pressure hotly contested, mask-wearing becomes a matter of politically-based individual choice. In these three societies, there have thus been different axes as to why mask-wearing is accepted or contested. This research is of too small a scale to fully explicate these factors;but it does show how anthropological analysis is essential in combining with the findings of other disciplines such as social psychology to arrive at a fuller understanding of contemporary social phenomena.
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The battles over masking only amplified preexisting culture and race wars in which entrenched libertarianism and neoliberal individualism evaded the economic and existential precarity caused by degraded social welfare and state health care. Counterterrorism projects such as Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) introduced by Barack Obama have relied on recruitment of community members, social service providers, and educators for self-surveillance and self-regulation of political expression and community organizing: a liberal counterterrorism approach for "reformist reform.” 5 Nabeel Abraham and Will Youmans provide important analyses of the "Containment System” in response to the War on Terror, based on "entrepreneurial opportunism” (Rodríguez) by Arab and Muslim American educators, professionals, and community leaders (including in the nonprofit industrial complex), some of whom collaborated with federal and state agencies.6 Academic Containment Reckoning with these critiques from critical Arab American or Southwest Asian and North African (SWANA) studies requires grappling with the long history of anti-Arab/Muslim state policies of surveillance, policing, and mass incarceration that preceded 2001. The Zionist lobby and anti-Palestinian organizations such as the Anti-Defamation League have increasingly deployed the language of tolerance and civility to tar critics of Israel with charges of anti-Semitism.7 These liberal strategies, illustrating Rodríguez's argument, can be more damaging than frontal attacks on the Palestine justice movement because the language of racism is harder to challenge
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Environmental consciousness is linked to pro-environmental consumption behavior;however, the consequences of variations in the level of environmental consciousness have not been fully investigated. Therefore, we evaluated differences in individualism, collectivism, materialism, willingness to pay (WTP) for environmental protection, and pro-environmental consumption between groups with varying levels of environmental consciousness. After evaluating the factors that differentiate these groups, we identified the determinants of pro-environmental consumption for each group. For the study, an online survey was conducted, including 472 adults aged 20–69 years. Groups with low and high levels of environmental consciousness differed significantly with respect to all factors except individualism. The group with a high environmental consciousness exhibited higher collectivism, WTP for environmental protection, and pro-environmental consumption behavior, and lower materialism than the group with a low environmental consciousness. For the group with low environmental consciousness, collectivism was the main factor affecting pro-environmental consumption behavior (i.e., purchase, use, and disposal). In the group with high environmental consciousness, WTP for environmental protection and collectivism were the main determinants of pro-environmental consumption behavior. These results provide a basis for a systematic approach to improve pro-environmental consumption behavior based on environmental consciousness.
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Little is known about how governments transparently communicate about COVID-19. This study conducted a content analysis of 132 government COVID-19 websites to identify the salience of health messages (i.e., perceived threat, perceived efficacy, and perceived resilience) and cross-national determinants of information provision. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the relationship between country-level predictors (i.e., economic development, democracy scores, and individualism index) and information salience. The numbers of deaths, discharged patients, and daily new cases were prevalent on the main webpages. Subpages provided information about vulnerability statistics, government responses, and vaccination rates. Less than 10% of governments included messages that may instill self-efficacy. Democratic countries had higher chances of providing threat statistics on subpages, including daily new cases (Relative Risk Ratio, RRR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.16-2.37), mortalities (RRR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.23-2.33), hospitalizations (RRR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.12-2.37), and positivity rates (RRR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.07-2.23). On subpages, democratic governments emphasized information about perceived vulnerability (RRR = 2.36, 95% CI: 1.50-3.73), perceived response efficacy (RRR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.06-2.06), recovery numbers (RRR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.31-2.60), and vaccinations (RRR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.39-3.30). Developed countries reported the number of daily new cases, perceived response efficacy, and vaccination rates on their COVID-19 main pages. Individualism scores predicted the salience of vaccination rates on main pages and the omission of information related to perceived severity and perceived vulnerability. Democracy levels were more predictive of reporting information about perceived severity, perceived response efficacy, and perceived resilience on subpages of dedicated websites. Improving public health agencies' communication about COVID-19 is warranted.
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Political conservatives' opposition to COVID-19 restrictions is puzzling given the well-documented links between conservatism and conformity, threat sensitivity, and pathogen aversion. We propose a resolution based on the Dual Foundations Theory of ideology, which holds that ideology comprises two dimensions, one reflecting trade-offs between threat-driven conformity and individualism, and another reflecting trade-offs between empathy-driven cooperation and competition. We test predictions derived from this theory in a UK sample using individuals' responses to COVID-19 and widely-used measures of the two dimensions - 'right-wing authoritarianism' (RWA) and 'social dominance orientation' (SDO), respectively. Consistent with our predictions, we show that RWA, but not SDO, increased following the pandemic and that high-RWA conservatives do display more concerned, conformist, pro-lockdown attitudes, while high-SDO conservatives display less empathic, cooperative attitudes and are anti-lockdown. This helps explain paradoxical prior results and highlights how a focus on unidimensional ideology can mask divergent motives across the ideological landscape.
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The USA has been particularly hard hit by the COVID-19 pandemic and a wide spatial variation can be seen in its spread and mortality. This raises the question of why some regions are more resilient to the pandemic than others? We hypothesize that the individualism-collectivism cleavage explains the disparity in COVID-19 cases observed across sub-national units in the USA. Cultural disparity among different groups of people leads to differences in how they perceive health crises and thereby shapes the way they respond to pandemics. A heightened sense of obligation and responsibility increases in-group sociability and interdependence and raises the perceived vulnerability towards disease transmission among collectivistic individuals, and this leads to greater adherence to containment measures and social distancing rules. Our results provide evidence that more individualistic states tend to have more COVID-19 cases across the USA.
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Over the last two decades and, most recently because of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a growing interest in studying topics related to dying and death in various fields of research. Research has started to explore, in more detail, death and bereavement among nonreligious people in contemporary Western societies. It is now well established that this large social group finds its own meaningful ways to come to terms with grief, loss and finitude. However, these studies typically do not include the perspectives of those living with life-threatening illness and facing death. Drawing on one and a half years of ethnographic research conducted among patients receiving palliative care in Switzerland, this study explores how a nonreligious orientation and other facets of human existence influence emotions and meaning making while dying. This is exemplified by the case of an atheist who I picked from the totality of fieldwork encounters in order to illuminate the nuances and complexities of living with terminal illness. The study found that secular and individualist values make it difficult to find closure and accept death. At the same time, the results show that the identification with the secular features of a worldview can increase well-being by ensuring a sense of permanence in actions and meaning-making habits in dying. Furthermore, this article makes the case for studying attitudes towards dying and death in relation to time and life situation.
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In the past decade, before the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, rates of childhood vaccination against diseases such as measles, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus declined worldwide. An extensive literature examines the correlates and motives of vaccine hesitancy—the reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite the availability of vaccines—among individuals, but little macrosociological theory or research seeks to explain changes in country-level vaccine uptake in global and comparative perspective. Drawing on existing research on vaccine hesitancy and recent developments in world society theory, we link cross-national variation in vaccination rates to two global cultural processes: the dramatic empowerment of individuals and declining confidence in liberal institutions. Both processes, we argue, emerged endogenously in liberal world culture, instigated by the neoliberal turn of the 1980s and 1990s. Fixed- and random-effects panel regression analyses of data for 80 countries between 1995 and 2018 support our claim that individualism and lack of institutional confidence contributed to the global decline in vaccination rates. We also find that individualism is itself partly responsible for declining institutional confidence. Our framework of world-cultural change might be extended to help make sense of recent post-liberal challenges in other domains. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of American Sociological Review is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
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After 2 years of the pandemic the author examines some results from the psychoanalytical literature, in which the threat due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was investigated and the challenges for the analytical dyad were discussed. The first part deals with the uncanny, which some authors ascribed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19. It centers on the question whether this is inherent to the virus, which according to Freud's dialectic understanding of uncanny, is something endemic, old familiar. In the second part the author discusses some individual and collective defense movements against the uncanny of the virus, including social politically highly bizarre and dangerous group formations, such as the QAnon movement. The main focus of this article is the critical question discussed in the third part, whether in view of the radical changes in the analytical framework (telephone, video), the analytical work can succeed (at all) without physical encounter of the analytical dyad. Based on a case study the author investigates the technical challenges of treatment, to consider and to interpret the movement of transference due to the altered framework and points out the danger of losing the "inner framework" (Bleger 1993). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) (German) Die Autorin sichtet nach zwei Jahren Pandemie einige Ergebnisse der psychoanalytischen Literatur, in der die Bedrohung durch COVID-19 untersucht und die Herausforderungen fur das analytische Paar diskutiert werden. Im ersten Teil geht es um das Unheimliche, was einige Autoren dem COVID-19-Virus zuschreiben, zentriert auf die Frage, ob dem Virus das innewohnt, was nach Freuds dialektischem Verstandnis des Unheimlichen etwas Heimisches, Altvertrautes ist. Im zweiten Teil diskutiert die Autorin einige individuelle und kollektive Abwehrbewegungen gegen das Unheimliche des Virus, einschlieslich gesellschaftspolitisch hochst bizarrer und gefahrlicher Gruppierungen wie die QAnon-Bewegung. Hauptschwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist die im dritten Teil diskutierte kritische Frage, ob die analytische Arbeit angesichts radikaler Veranderungen des analytischen Rahmens (Telefon/Video), ohne leibliche Begegnung des analytischen Paars, (uberhaupt) gelingen kann. Anhand einer Vignette untersucht die Autorin die behandlungstechnische Herausforderung, die Ubertragungsbewegungen durch den veranderten Rahmen mitzubedenken und zu deuten und verweist auf die Gefahr, den inneren Rahmen" (Bleger 1993) zu verlieren. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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Growth mindset has shown its unique potential in countering the growing prevalence of mental distress in the general population. However, the role culture plays in this process remains somewhat unanswered. In the current prospective study, we tested if early growth mindset of Chinese university students predicts less mental distress later, and how cultural values (i.e., individualism–collectivism, traditionality–modernity) affect the process. We found that growth mindset was prospectively predictive of mental conditions, and the positive effect of growth mindset was more salient among students endorsing lower collectivistic and higher modern cultural values. Our findings added evidence to the potential benefits of growth mindsets in an Asian context and highlighted the role of cultural values.
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Hannah Arendt's call for a specific attitude towards the world, which she called amor mundi, can be seen as a precursor to the idea of 'social generativity', a theoretical paradigm that intends to respond to many of the global challenges and pathologies of the contemporary world, especially in the post-COVID era. Among the conditions of human existence that Arendt describes, those most crucial for the dynamics of action and consequently most relevant to the paradigm of generativity are 'natality' and 'plurality'. The chapter recognizes Generative social action (GSA) afterwards by the presence of three movements, all of them essential to the whole process (without the last, in particular, the whole process collapses and reverses into its opposite): namely giving birth, taking care and letting go. GSA brings about a specific pattern of individuation that we call authorization: that is, enabling others as a way to accomplish one's own individuation. Concreteness is the crucial feature of the paradigm of social generativity, a way to positively contrast both ion and dualism, two aspects that must be questioned, as they have produced great amounts of practical and symbolic violence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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This doctoral research paper proposes a model of collective burnout within an organizational setting. Collective Burnout Theory (CBOT) is the proposed idea that while burnout can occur at an individual level, it can also spread throughout a system and become collective in nature. The characteristics of CBO (collective burnout) are negative basic assumptions regarding the organization, poor employee engagement, high turnover and negative storytelling that can spark a negative feedback loop. Individual burnout becomes collective in nature when the gap between job demands and perceived resources to meet those demands widens for a critical number of individuals often through the process of emotional contagion. CBO then manifests in the cultural narrative of the system. Once CBO has been identified within a system two outcomes can occur, one negative and one positive. CBOT proposes that the negative feedback cycle can intensify over time and even impact new people entering the system while others leave, through the passing on of negative basic assumptions and cultural narratives. However, CBOT also recognizes that an alternate positive cycle of change is possible where, through interdependence and the support of positive social judgment, collective burnout can catalyze the social cohesion of group members and empower them to take positive steps to reduce the collective burnout. A five-stage model is proposed that identifies the various phases of CBO, its development within a system and what factors may lead to positive versus negative outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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After a year and a half of experimenting individual and collective changes that the pandemic restrictions have brought due to COVID-19, there is a growing literature in different disciplines documenting the effects the global population is experiencing. Due to this continuous reality, we proposed a theory article that would connect neuroscientific theories with recent literature to expose the emotional and learning effects COVID-19 is having on Puerto Rican children. Additionally, we proposed to summarize applicable recommendations to the home, educational, clinical contexts, as well as potential applications for public policy. For this end, the following objectives were established: 1) state how the neurophysiological perspective allows us to explain the emotional and learning effects, 2) state how Puerto Rican children have been emotionally and cognitively affected by the COVID- 19 pandemic, 3) state assertive practices to mitigate the discussed effects. The neuroscientific theories were applied to the effects that recent literature has shown, and found recommendations were also included (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) Abstract (Spanish) Al ano y medio de haber experimentado cambios individuales y colectivos por las restricciones de la pandemia ocasionadas por COVID-19, ya comienza a haber literatura en distintas disciplinas indicando sobre los efectos que estan trastocando a la poblacion global. Ante esta continua realidad, se propuso redactar un escrito de modelo teorico que enlace teorias neurocientificas con la literatura actual para exponer los efectos emocionales y de aprendizaje que COVID-19 esta teniendo en la ninez puertorriquena. De igual manera se propuso resumir las recomendaciones de literatura reciente aplicables a contextos del hogar, de aprendizaje, clinicos, y aplicaciones de politica publica. Para este fin, se plantearon los siguientes objetivos: 1) exponer como la perspectiva neurofisiologica nos permite explicar los efectos emocionales y de aprendizaje, 2) conocer como la ninez puertorriquena se ha visto afectada emocional y cognitivamente por la pandemia COVID-19 y, 3) exponer practicas acertadas para aminorar los efectos discutidos. Las teorias neurocientificas se aplicaron a los efectos que estan siendo mostrados por la literatura reciente, al igual que se redactaron las recomendaciones encontradas. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
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American culture's emphasis on individualism has been identified by those directly engaged with fighting the COVID-19 pandemic and by popular cultural commentators as problematic in mustering the col-lective social consciousness and self-sacrifice necessary to mount a successful pandemic response. This concern is supported by emerging academic research which postulates a relationship between a culture's relative balance between individualism and collectivism and the success of its pandemic response. Big data analysis suggests an inverse relationship between individualistic cultural traits and success in pandemic mitigation. Although the relative advantages and disadvan-tages of American individualism have been debated since Tocqueville, a recent rise in the dominance of individualism within the American psyche has been noted by both sides of the political spectrum with conservative commentary expressing concern over radical individualism and more left-leaning commentary finding increasing acceptance of libertarian principles perilous to the common good. Paralleling this rise in individualism are neo-liberal efforts at education reform that culminated in No Child Left Behind and its successor Every Student Succeeds. Such comprehensive neo-liberal reform efforts engender in-creased cultural individualism in three ways: by narrowing curriculum definitions and content to a core that excludes issues of citizenship;by increasing direct instruction that limits students' opportunities to engage with others in meaningful educational tasks;and most impor-tantly, by creating an accountability superstructure based solely on de-contextualized evaluations of isolated students, educators, and schools. The decades-long dominance of neo-liberal reform efforts create an educational environment which reinforces the cultural individualism hampering a successful American response to COVID-19. © 2022, University of North Carolina at Greensboro. All rights reserved.